Following a disaster, such as the earthquake in Turkey and Syria in February 2023, every second counts. Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) teams must act quickly and efficiently within the first few hours/days following the disaster to save entombed victims as quickly as possible. In the early hours after a major disaster, when many areas need checking, emergency teams conduct rapid searches to maximise the opportunities for saving lives. Rescuers usually finish searching at a site within a few hours, then move to the next area. They can use this stage to identify zones where a deeper search would be worthwhile. Specially trained search and rescue dogs (K9 teams) are employed to move quickly in the rubble in order to sniff out signs of life. Indeed, these trained dogs detect live human scent, even when a victim is buried deep in rubble. The full search and rescue This phase of operations, also called “technical search” locates, and rescues deeply trapped survivors. The search and rescue of entombed victims requires the involvement of search and rescue specialists with very specific USAR equipment to detect and locate victims, communicate with them and then extract and rescue them. USAR teams often use victim location dogs, but they also use electronic victim search equipment: With seismic sensors/acoustic sensors, UWB rescue radar (Ultra-Wide Band – Ground penetrating radar) USAR search cameras. These 3 technologies complement each other and allow rescue teams to move faster. Seismic detectors (also called listening device) are designed to detect and locate the position of conscious buried survivors under the rubbles following a collapse. Ultra-sensitive, seismic sensors use seismic technology to detect the smallest sounds/vibrations caused by survivors buried under rubbles (scratching, hitting, shouting, etc.) and help pinpoint their location. What is seismic technology? Seismic detectors, like a wave receiver, sense vibrations which resonate and circulate in the different materials of the collapsed building and amplify them via a control box. The technical search specialist can “listen” via audio headsets and “view” the audio signal via a bar graph on the control box for vibrations made by victims under the rubble. How to use seismic sensors? First of all, placed on the same line, the team leader deploy the seismic sensors by placing them on the surface of the rubble. Then, a long whistle sounds to demand total silence. One of the rescuers hits the ground with a heavy metal bar and an interpreter asks out loud “Is anyone there? We’re the rescue teams.” They listen in total silence and wait for the victim’s “response” (scratching, hitting, shouting, etc.) to help locate them. 3.1. If no response or vibrations are detected: rescuers continue through the zone to be covered, repeating the same method. The objective is to map the zone by identifying the location of buried victims. 3.2. If the sensors receive a signal (represented by sounds in the audio headset and via an active bar graph on the control box): The intensity of the signals received by each sensors is compared. It is then necessary to focus on the sensor which receives the strongest signal and gradually bring the two others closer in a triangle, until they all display the same intensity. The position of the victim is identified when all sensors have a signal at the same intensity. One of the latest innovations in terms of victim location equipment is the UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) radar detector (also called GPR – Ground Penetrating Radar). This radar detector is designed to detect and locate the position of entombed victims following a collapse. It uses the Ultra-Wide Band technology (highly sensitive stabilized band) to detect the movements of a buried victim. It can detect the smallest movements – even the breathing of an unconscious person! What is UWB technology? UWB is a radio modulation technique based on the transmission of very short impulses. The UWB sensor is a transmitting/receiving device with an ultra-sensitive UWB sensor producing electromagnetic waves that can pass through construction materials. It can scan/probe through 50cm of dense concrete or any other construction material such as bricks, asphalt, sand, wood, tiles, plastic, plaster and glass. (Note that electromagnetic waves cannot pass through metal surfaces, damp surfaces (clay), or water) and can detect the movement of buried victims. How to use the UWB rescue radar? The UWB sensor must be placed in contact with the rubble by a rescuer and should be regularly moved according to a virtual search grid so that the radar can survey below the surface. The objective is to map the zone by identifying the location of buried victims. During this time, a second search and rescue specialist monitors progress on the remote wireless control box in real time. The UWB detector scans the ground by sending waves that pass-through building materials. If these waves return with a gap in length, this indicates that there is movement and it may be a buried victim. When the UWB radar sensor detects a movement under the rubble, the screen displays an icon indicating the depth at which the movement is found, as well as the frequency of the movements (strong/weak) to determine whether it is a human or not. This means survivors can be detected very quickly in real time. Its high sensitivity and the stability of its signal allow detection with precision down to 1 meter: Strong and irregular movements such as the movement of a conscious victim’s arm up to 30 meters in free field conditions. Or regular weak movements, such as the chest movements/breathing of a victim, even if unconscious, up to 10 meters in free field conditions. Once the survivor is detected and located, a second step involves visually verifying that it is a human with search camera. Equipped with a microphone/speaker module, it can also be used to communicate with the person to determine their assistance needs. A victim search camera is a miniature camera (47 mm in diameter for LEADER models) designed to slide into very narrow spaces such as cracks,